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大发注册2023-01-31 16:05

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中央农村工作会议系列解读⑤强化种业企业创新能力 切实推进种业振兴行动******

  作者:林青宁、毛世平、王晓君,中国农业科学院农业经济与发展研究所

  近期,习近平总书记在中央农村工作会议上强调“要抓住耕地和种子两个要害”“把种业振兴行动切实抓出成效,把当家品种牢牢攥在自己手里”。作物育种和种子产业发展对于保障我国粮食安全和农业可持续发展意义重大。科技创新是突破前沿育种关键技术,培育战略性新品种的源头,对我国种业发展至关重要。当前,以市场化为导向的育种模式已是种业创新大势所趋,然而我国种业企业科研创新能力相对较弱,严重制约了我国种业创新链的延长。亟须强化种业企业创新能力,切实推进种业振兴行动。

  近年来,我国种业企业在技术创新方面取得了一定进步,表现在三个方面:一是生物育种企业创新平台建设已较为完善。当前国内典型种业企业普遍拥有国家级、省部级重点实验室、博士后工作站等具有行业影响力的技术创新平台,具有较强的技术开发和创新能力。且隆平高科等种业企业已具备了较完善的国外研发体系布局。二是典型生物育种企业科企合作模式初步形成。当前国内典型种业企业不仅与高等院校、科研院所建立了产学研合作关系,还与各类学会建立了长期深入的合作。且首农集团等企业与国外机构在生物技术育种等方面建立了稳定的合作关系。三是典型种业企业创新产出逐渐丰富,在市场准入(审定、登记)品种、发明专利、科技进步奖等方面取得明显进步。“十三五”以来,隆平高科、登海种业等种业企业不断培育出双抗绿色高产的动植物品种。

  当然,在成绩的背后,我国种业企业创新发展仍面临诸多难题:一是知识产权保护体系不完善。种业创新知识产权保护存在制度、认知和执行层面的问题,导致品种侵权行为仍较为普遍。二是种业品种同质化严重。新《种子法》实施以来,市场新品种“井喷”,但突破性品种缺乏,种子供给低价竞争,影响企业研发投入。三是种业项目偏离产业化应用。当前项目申报管理基本由科研人员出题并答题,产业需求导向不足。企业在科技论文等方面的劣势,影响了项目申报的成功率。四是科企合作形胜于质。目前科企合作多是联合申请项目,一旦项目结束合作关系就解体,两者为松散型合作。人才合作也多局限在简单的技术指导层面。五是科研院所与企业存在“同质竞争”。目前科研院所种业创新也偏向于生物育种,打破了原有科研院所基础研究、企业应用研究的平衡,挤压了种业企业的利润空间。

  针对当前制约种业企业创新发展的系列问题,必须进一步优环境、活机制,提高种业企业创新动力与效能。

  一是构建知识产权利益分享机制,完善知识产权保护体系。构建知识产权参与分配的利益机制,建立原始品种权人和实质性派生品种权人的利益分享机制。完善知识产权保护的政策体系,加强知识产权保护平台建设,推动知识产权社会共治,打通知识产权保护通道,培育知识产权保护的良好环境。

  二是优化品种审定制度,推动品种由“多乱杂”向“多专优”转变。完善现行主要农作物品种审定制度,提高审定门槛,适当提高现行审定指标标准,减少品种数量,提高品种质量,使真正有实力品种脱颖而出,提高企业创新的内在动力。加快建立分作物分子指纹库,严格和规范品种审定和登记“特异性、一致性、稳定性”测试,通过技术手段把牢品种准入关。强化品种标准样品管理,开展品种符合性验证试验,为强化品种事中事后监管提供有力支撑。

  三是加强种业科技项目产业化属性,增加种业企业经费支持。增加种业专项科技创新项目数量,增加种业企业获取科研经费支持的渠道,保障有实力的种业企业能够获得相应的科研项目以及研发经费支持。对种业企业融资方面给予支持,对产业化发展企业实施低息支持,尤其企业用于科技创新研发、基地建设方面的投资可给予无息支持。

  四是引导科企合作深度融合,促进联盟运行由虚转实。创新项目形成机制,由企业根据产业需求提出技术难题,政府组织监督在全国范围内进行项目招标,构建企业“出榜”“评榜”+政府“发榜”+科研院校“揭榜”的机制。建立共建共享机制,完善联盟成员间的利益联结和分配机制,促进产学研协同创新效率。积极推动联盟实体化,适合以股份合资的方式实现实体化的要加快引导,适合以协会等社会团体法人方式实现资源整合的要给予政策支持。

  五是强化科研院所生物育种基础研究属性,完善生物种业科研成果共享机制。多措并举强化科研院所做好种质资源的收集、分析、挖掘工作,进行基础性、前沿性、公益性研究,并完善科研成果信息共享机制,在合法合规的前提下,鼓励科研院所向社会公众公布科研成果和相关的知识产权信息,将生物种业科研成果转让给典型种业企业进行新品种培育,实现科研成果的开放共享。

中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

  中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。

  2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

  日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

  日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

  事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。

  因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。

  日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

  《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

  德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

  日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

  国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。

  太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。

  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

  By John Lee

  (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

  Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

  The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

  On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

  The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

  In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

  Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

  The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

  The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

  The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

  According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

  As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

  However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

  Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

  The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

  If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.

 

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